Under cover of darkness in 1909, Sultan Abdulhamid II left Istanbul – bringing an end to his reign. For almost six centuries, his family had ruled the Ottoman Empire, spanning regions in North Africa, southeastern Europe, and the Middle East. But the end of this dynasty had been brewing for years. What happened to this once-powerful empire? Mostafa Minawi traces the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Lesson by Mostafa Minawi, directed by Hernando Bahamon, Vicente Numpaque, Globizco Studios.