Despite the wide acceptance of evolutionary ideas by naturalists and prominent theologians in 1900, the 20th century has been marked by the strongest ever science-religion conflict in regard to evolution. The 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial, famed in popular imagination, on stage, and in film, was a highpoint in the 1920s fundamentalist crusade against evolution. In fact, the trial was part setup, part publicity stunt, although it soon ran out of control. This lecture looks not only at the Scopes Trial but also at its successors, as well as the invention of creation science and flood geology. Also important here is a brief analysis of the historical background and social (anxiety) foundations of American fundamentalism, a force that continues to play a largely adversarial role with modern science.